PTCEL can be used for all high-energy applications requiring a safe charge-discharge function with built-in protection. Automotive applications include electric motor drives/inverters, battery management systems, and on- and off-board charging/plugs. PTCEL is also suitable for industrial applications such as factory automation equipment and fabrication. Alternative energy applications such as photovoltaic, wind, electric power grid, battery systems, and inverters can use the PTCEL as well.